Rotavirus gastroenteritis hospitalizations in provinces with different vaccination coverage rates in Spain, 2013-2018.

BACKGROUND: Rotavirus (RV) vaccines are available in Spain since 2006 but are not included in the National Immunization Program. RV vaccination has reached an intermediate vaccination coverage rate (VCR) but with substantial differences between provinces. The aim of this study was to assess the ratio of RV gastroenteritis (RVGE) admissions to all-cause hospitalizations in children under 5 years of age in areas with different VCR. METHODS: Observational, multicenter, cross-sectional, medical record-based study. All children admitted to the study hospitals with a RVGE confirmed diagnosis during a 5-year period were selected. The annual ratio of RVGE to the total number of all-cause hospitalizations in children < 5 years of age were calculated. The proportion of RVGE hospitalizations were compared in areas with low (< 30%), intermediate (31-59%) and high (> 60%) VCR. RESULTS: From June 2013 to May 2018, data from 1731 RVGE hospitalizations (16.47% of which were nosocomial) were collected from the 12 study hospitals. RVGE hospital admissions accounted for 2.82% (95 CI 2.72-3.00) and 43.84% (95% CI 40.53-47.21) of all-cause and Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) hospitalizations in children under 5 years of age, respectively. The likelihood of hospitalization due to RVGE was 56% (IC95%, 51-61%) and 27% (IC95%, 18-35%) lower in areas with high and intermediate VCR, respectively, compared to the low VCR areas. CONCLUSIONS: RVGE hospitalization ratios are highly dependent on the RV VCR. Increasing VCR in areas with intermediate and low coverage rates would significantly reduce the severe burden of RVGE that requires hospital management in Spain. Clinical trial registration Not applicable.

Quinolonas en Pediatría / Quinolones in Pediatrics

Las quinolonas constituyen una familia de antibióticos bactericidas contra microorganismos grampositivos y gramnegativos, de amplio espectro. Sus características farmacodinámicas y farmacocinéticas han permitido tratar por vía oral infecciones que hasta la fecha solo se podían tratar con antibióticos parenterales. Son los antimicrombianos más ampliamente prescritos en la comunidad y este uso excesivo ha provocado un incremento de las resistencias bacterianas. En niños, el uso de las quinolonas está mucho más restringido debido a la asociación con la artropatía vista en animales jóvenes. Este documento pretende ofrecer una visión general de las quinolonas, dar a conocer sus propiedades farmacodinámicas y farmacocinéticas, el espectro bacteriano que presentan, los posibles usos en Pediatría, tanto aquellos autorizados y recogidos en la ficha técnica como los posibles usos off-label recomendados en guías clínicas y consensos, así como los posibles efectos adversos en los niños. Además, pretende alertar sobre el abuso de estos antibióticos y recomendar un uso racional de los mismos, tanto en población adulta como infantil, reservándolos para pacientes con patología moderada-grave, en los que no existe otra alternativa válida (AU)

Quinolones form part of a family of bactericidal wide spectrum antibiotics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic characteristics made possible to treat oral infections, in which only be alternative of treatment with parenteral antibiotics. They are the most widely prescribed antimicrobials in the community and this excessive use has led to an increase in bacterial resistance. In children, the use of quinolones is much more restricted because of the fear of its association with arthropathy, seen in trials with young animals. Our purpose is to provide an overview of quinolones, show its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, the bacterial spectrum that presents, the possible uses in Pediatrics (authorized and collected in the technical data sheet, and the possible off-label uses recommended in clinical guidelines and consensuses), and the side effects in children. In addition, we pretend to alert of the abuse of these antibiotics and recommend their rational use, both in adult and children, for patients with moderate-severe pathology, in which there is no other valid alternative (AU)

Documento de consenso SEIP-AEPap-SEPEAP sobre la etiología, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de las infecciones cutáneas micóticas de manejo ambulatorio / SEIP-AEPap-SEPEAP consensus document on the etiology, diagnosis, treatment and ambulatory management of fungal skin infections

Entre las infecciones por hongos, las micosis superficiales, adquiridas por contacto directo o indirecto con un animal o con una persona infectados, son las más habituales en la infancia. Los patógenos más frecuentes en el niño inmunocompetente son las levaduras (Candida y Malasezzia) y los dermatofitos. La morbilidad de las micosis superficiales es tan importante como poco considerada, pues existe la falsa impresión de que constituyen un problema menor pese a su gran incidencia en la práctica habitual. En el presente documento de consenso, elaborado por el Grupo de Trabajo de Infecciones de Manejo Ambulatorio de la Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP), la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPap) y la Sociedad Española de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria (SEPEAP), se abordan los aspectos esenciales de la infección micótica superficial en el niño inmunocompetente (AU)

Superficial mycoses, acquired by direct or indirect contact with an infected animal or person, are frequent in childhood. The most common pathogens in immunocompetent children are yeasts (Candida and Malasezzia) and dermatophytes. The morbidity of the superficial mycoses is as important as trivialized, which gives the false impression that it constitutes a minor problem despite its high incidence in routine practice. In this consensus document of the Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases (SEIP), the Spanish Association of Primary Care Pediatrics (AEPap) and the Spanish Society of Pediatric Outpatient and Primary Care (SEPEAP), the essential aspects of superficial fungal infection in the immunocompetent child are addressed (AU)

Sensibilidad de Streptococcus pneumoniae en niños portadores sanos en Murcia (España) / Antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy carrier children in Murcia (Spain)

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVOS: Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) es un patógeno que causa un elevado consumo de antibióticos. OBJETIVOS: conocer la sensibilidad a antibióticos de uso habitual, los factores epidemiológicos asociados y favorecer el uso racional de antibióticos. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: En verano del 2009 y el invierno del 2010 realizamos un estudio multicéntrico en Atención Primaria (AP). Se recogió una muestra nasofaríngea y se cumplimentó una encuesta epidemiológica en 1.562 niños de 1 y 4 años. RESULTADOS: El 31,3% (489/1.562) eran portadores nasales (PN). Se realizó un estudio de sensibilidad en 376 aislados, y se serotipificaron 343. El 61,7% (964/1.562) habían recibido al menos una dosis de vacuna antineumocócica conjugada heptavalente (PCV7). El 12,8% (44/343) correspondía a serotipos vacunales (SV). La resistencia a penicilina (criterio meningitis CMI>0,06mg/l) fue del 28%, siendo del 54% para los SV. Para infecciones no meníngeas, el 100% de los aislados eran sensibles a penicilina parenteral (CMI ≤ 2mg/l). Existe un alto nivel de resistencias para eritromicina (45,8%). Fueron factores favorecedores de resistencia haber tomado antibióticos el mes previo y ser portador de SV tanto para penicilina como para cefotaxima y la edad de 4 años un factor de protección. Los serotipos 14, 35B, 19A, 15A y 19F fueron los menos susceptibles a penicilina. CONCLUSIONES: La amoxicilina por vía oral para pacientes ambulatorios y la penicilina o ampicilina por vía intravenosa para pacientes ingresados son excelentes opciones para el tratamiento de infecciones neumocócicas no meníngeas, en entornos como el nuestro, con una baja incidencia de aislados con alto nivel de resistencia a penicilina (CMI ≥ 2mg/l)

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is a human pathogen that involves a high use of antibiotics. The objective of the study was to determine the susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics and their associated risk factors, in order to promote rational use of antibiotics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In A multicentre study was conducted in summer 2009 and winter 2010 on children attending paediatric clinics in the Region of Murcia. A nasopharyngeal sample was collected and an epidemiological questionnaire was completed. The study included 1562 children aged 1 and 4 years old. RESULTS: Almost one-third (31.3%, 489/1562) of children were nasal carriers. A sensitivity study was carried out on 376 isolates, of which 343 were serotyped. Almost two-thirds (61.7%, 964/1562) of children had received at least one dose of PCV7 heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine), and 12.8% (44/343) of the isolates belonged to PCV7 serotypes. The prevalence rates of penicillin resistance (meningitis infections criteria CMI>0.06mg/L) were 28.1%; however, this percentage was 54% in PCV7 serotypes. None of the isolates had (MIC >2mg/L), so prevalence rates of susceptibility with non-meningitis infections criteria were 100%. There was a high percentage of erythromycin resistance (45.7%). The factors favouring resistance to penicillin and cefotaxime were the consumption of antibiotics in the previous month and the carrying of vaccine serotypes. On the other hand, the age of 4 years old was a protective factor of resistance. The 14, 35B, 19A, 15A, and 19F serotypes were less susceptible to penicillin. CONCLUSIONS: Both oral amoxicillin given to outpatients and intravenous penicillin or ampicillin to hospitalized patients are excellent options for the treatment of non-meningeal infections, as seen with pneumonia in these kinds of environments, where there is low incidence of isolates highly resistant to penicillin (CMI ≥ 2mg/L)

[Antibiotic susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy carrier children in Murcia (Spain)]. / Sensibilidad de Streptococcus pneumoniae en niños portadores sanos en Murcia (España).

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Streptococcus pneumoniae (SP) is a human pathogen that involves a high use of antibiotics. The objective of the study was to determine the susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics and their associated risk factors, in order to promote rational use of antibiotics. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In A multicentre study was conducted in summer 2009 and winter 2010 on children attending paediatric clinics in the Region of Murcia. A nasopharyngeal sample was collected and an epidemiological questionnaire was completed. The study included 1562 children aged 1 and 4 years old. RESULTS: Almost one-third (31.3%, 489/1562) of children were nasal carriers. A sensitivity study was carried out on 376 isolates, of which 343 were serotyped. Almost two-thirds (61.7%, 964/1562) of children had received at least one dose of PCV7 (heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine), and 12.8% (44/343) of the isolates belonged to PCV7 serotypes. The prevalence rates of penicillin resistance (meningitis infections criteria CMI>0.06mg/L) were 28.1%; however, this percentage was 54% in PCV7 serotypes. None of the isolates had (MIC >2mg/L), so prevalence rates of susceptibility with non-meningitis infections criteria were 100%. There was a high percentage of erythromycin resistance (45.7%). The factors favouring resistance to penicillin and cefotaxime were the consumption of antibiotics in the previous month and the carrying of vaccine serotypes. On the other hand, the age of 4 years old was a protective factor of resistance. The 14, 35B, 19A, 15A, and 19F serotypes were less susceptible to penicillin. CONCLUSIONS: Both oral amoxicillin given to outpatients and intravenous penicillin or ampicillin to hospitalized patients are excellent options for the treatment of non-meningeal infections, as seen with pneumonia in these kinds of environments, where there is low incidence of isolates highly resistant to penicillin (CMI ≥ 2mg/L).

Documento de consenso sobre etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la sinusitis / Consensus document on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of sinusitis

Presentamos el Documento de consenso sobre sinusitis de la Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica, la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria, la Sociedad Española de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria y la Sociedad Española de Otorrinolaringología y Patología Cérvico-Facial. La sinusitis es una enfermedad de diagnóstico difícil, a menudo no reconocida. Se analiza la etiología, la clínica y los criterios diagnósticos más aceptados, y se realizan recomendaciones terapéuticas acordes con la situación epidemiológica actual. Se propone la amoxicilina por vía oral como tratamiento antibiótico de elección, en dosis de 80 mg/kg al día repartidos cada 8 h. Se indican tratamientos alternativos en casos especiales y en ausencia de eficacia de la amoxicilina. Se revisan las principales complicaciones de la enfermedad (AU)

The Spanish National Consensus (Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Spanish Association of Primary Care Pediatrics, Spanish Society of Pediatric Outpatient and Primary Care, Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervical-Facial Pathology) on Sinusitisis presented. Rhinosinusitis is a difficult to diagnose and often unrecognised disease. The document discusses the aetiology, the clinical signs and symptoms, and the diagnostic criteria. A proposal for treatment is made based on the epidemiological situation in our country. Oral amoxicillin is the treatment of choice (80 mg/kg/day divided every 8 hours). Alternative treatment is proposed in special cases and when amoxicillin is not sufficient. The main complications are reviewed (AU)

Meningitis por Pseudomonas oryzihabitans / Pseudomonas oryzihabitans meningitis

No disponible

Documento de consenso sobre etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la sinusitis / Consensus document on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of sinusitis

Presentamos el Documento de consenso sobre sinusitis de la Sociedad de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP), la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPap), la Sociedad Española de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y de Atención Primaria (SEPEAP) y la Sociedad Española de Otrorrinolaringología Pediátrica (SEORL). La sinusitis es una enfermedad de diagnóstico difícil, a menudo no reconocida. Se analiza la etiología, la clínica y los criterios diagnósticos más aceptados, y se realizan recomendaciones terapéuticas acordes con la situación epidemiológica actual. Se propone la amoxicilina por vía oral como tratamiento antibiótico de elección en dosis de 80 mg/kg/día repartidas cada 8 horas. Se indican tratamientos alternativos en casos especiales y en ausencia de eficacia de la amoxicilina. Se revisan las principales complicaciones de esta entidad (AU)

The Spanish National Consensus (Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases,Spanish Association of Primary Care Pediatrics, Spanish Society of Pediatric Outpatient and Primary Care, Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervical-Facial Pathology) on Sinusitisis presented. Rhinosinusitis is a difficult to diagnose and often unrecognised disease. The document discusses the aetiology, the clinical signs and symptoms, and the diagnostic criteria. Aproposal for treatment is made based on the epidemiological situation in our country. Oral amoxicillin is the treatment of choice (80 mg/kg/day divided every 8 hours). Alternative treatment is proposed in special cases and when amoxicillin is not sufficient. The main complications are reviewed (AU)

[Consensus document on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of sinusitis]. / Documento de consenso sobre etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la sinusitis.

The Spanish National Consensus (Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Spanish Association of Primary Care Pediatrics, Spanish Society of Pediatric Outpatient and Primary Care, Spanish Society of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervical-Facial Pathology) on Sinusitis is presented. Rhinosinusitis is a difficult to diagnose and often unrecognised disease. The document discusses the aetiology, the clinical signs and symptoms, and the diagnostic criteria. A proposal for treatment is made based on the epidemiological situation in our country. Oral amoxicillin is the treatment of choice (80mg/kg/day divided every 8hours). Alternative treatment is proposed in special cases and when amoxicillin is not sufficient. The main complications are reviewed.

Etiología de bronquiolitis en niños hospitalizados en el sureste de España / Aetiology of bronchiolitis in hospitalised children in South-East Spain

Introducción: La bronquiolitis es una de las infecciones respiratorias más comunes en niños menores de 2 años y una de las principales causas de ingreso en niños pequeños, especialmente durante el invierno. Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia y etiología de bronquiolitis en el sureste de España. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo durante la temporada de bronquiolitis (diciembre-abril). En el estudio se incluyeron niños menores de 18 meses ingresados en el hospital con motivo del primer episodio de bronquiolitis. Se analizaron aspirados nasofaríngeos mediante una técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (múltiple), precedida de transcripción inversa del ARN viral (RT-PCR). Resultados: Se incluyeron en el estudio 235 niños, de cada uno de los cuales se obtuvo una muestra de aspirado nasofaríngeo. Se detectaron virus respiratorios en muestras de 204 niños (en total 287 virus). El virus respiratorio sincitial se detectó con mayor frecuencia seguido del rinovirus. Se observaron infecciones virales mixtas en el 36% de los niños en los que se detectó algún virus respiratorio. La asociación más frecuente fue el virus respiratorio sincitial A con rinovirus. Conclusiones: Se detectaron virus respiratorios en la mayoría de los niños menores de 18 meses hospitalizados por bronquiolitis, en forma de infección mixta en el 36% de aquellos con infección viral(AU)

Background: Bronchiolitis is the most common respiratory disease in children under 2 years-old and a major cause of hospitalization in young children, especially during the winter. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and etiology of bronchiolitis in south-east of Spain. Study design: A prospective study was conducted during the bronchiolitis season (December-April). Children below 18 months-old admitted to the hospital for a first bronchiolitis episode were included. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were analysed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) respiratory syncytial virus. Results: A total of 235 children were included during this period, and 235 RT-PCR were performed. A total of 287 viruses were detected in nasopharyngeal aspirates from 204 infants. Respiratory syncytial virus was the virus detected more frequently, followed by rhinovirus. Co-infections were found in the 36% of children. Conclusions: Respiratory viruses were detected in most of the children below 18 months-old hospitalised with bronchiolitis, and 36% of them showed a mixed infection(AU)

Características epidemiológicas, clínicas y terapéuticas de lactantes hospitalizados por bronquiolitis / Epidemiology, clinical features and medical interventions in children hospitalized for bronchiolitis

Objetivos: Describir los datos epidemiológicos, clínicos y actitud terapéutica empleada en los lactantes hospitalizados por bronquiolitis en nuestro medio. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo de lactantes menores de 18 meses ingresados en Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (Murcia) con el diagnóstico de bronquiolitis, durante el periodo de máxima incidencia (diciembre 2008-abril 2009). Resultados: Ingresaron 235 lactantes, de los que el 78,7% tenía una edad menor o igual a 5 meses de vida. Había una correlación positiva entre el número de cigarrillos consumidos por la madre en la gestación y el número de días de oxigenoterapia y los días de estancia. Los niños cuya madre era fumadora en el momento de su ingreso fueron tratados con oxígeno un mayor número de días. Los lactantes que no habían recibido lactancia materna precisaron oxígeno durante más tiempo. El 23,8% tenía patología de base, siendo la prematuridad la más frecuente, la cual fue un factor de riesgo para la prolongación del tratamiento con oxígeno y de la estancia hospitalaria. La utilización de exploraciones complementarias y el uso de broncodilatadores, corticoides y antibióticos fueron elevados. La aparición de fiebre se asoció a un mayor uso de antibióticos en el medio extra e intrahospitalario y lo mismo sucedía si la radiografía de tórax era patológica o existía una elevación de la proteína C reactiva (PCR). El VRS fue el principal agente etiológico, seguido por rinovirus, bocavirus, adenovirus y metapneumovirus. Conclusiones: La mayoría de los ingresos por bronquiolitis ocurrieron en los primeros meses de la vida. La exposición al tabaco durante la gestación se asoció a una peor evolución clínica. A pesar de las indicaciones de las guías de práctica clínica, en nuestro medio, el uso de exploraciones complementarias y de tratamientos farmacológicos fue elevado(AU)

Objectives: To describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and treatments prescribed in children with bronchiolitis admitted to our hospital. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive and prospective study of children younger than 18 months, admitted to Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca of Murcia (Spain), with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis, during the season of maximum incidence (December 2008-April 2009). Results: A total of 235 infants were admitted, of whom 78.7% of them were aged 5 months or less. We found a positive correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked by their mothers during pregnancy and the number of hospitalization and oxygen therapy days. Children whose mothers were smokers at the time of their admission needed a greater number of oxygen therapy days. Also infants who were not breastfed needed oxygen therapy during more days. Just under one quarter (23.8%) of them had underlying diseases, with prematurity being the most frequent and a risk factor for the ongoing of oxygen therapy and hospital stay. The use of diagnostic tests, bronchodilators, corticosteroids and antibiotics was high. The onset of high temperature was associated with an increased use of antibiotics in outside and inside the hospital setting. An abnormal chest X-ray or a raised C-reactive protein was associated with a higher use of antibiotics. Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) was the main aetiological agent, followed by Rhinovirus, Bocavirus, Adenovirus and Metapneumovirus. Conclusions: The majority of hospital admissions due to bronchiolitis took place during the first months of life. Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had a worse clinical outcome. Despite the availability of clinical practice guidelines in our area, the use of diagnostic tests and pharmacological treatment was high(AU)

Actinomicosis: a propósito de 2 casos clínicos / Actinomycosis: presentation of 2 cases

No disponible

Documento de consenso sobre etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la otitis media aguda / Consensus document on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media

Se presenta el documento de consenso sobre otitis media aguda (OMA) de la Sociedad de Española Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP), Sociedad Española de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria (SEPEAP), Sociedad Española de Urgencias Pediátricas (SEUP) y de la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPAP).Se analizan la etiología de la enfermedad y los posibles cambios de esta después de la introducción de la vacunas antineumocócicas 7-valente, 10-valente y 13-valente. Se hace una propuesta diagnóstica basada en la clasificación de la otitis media aguda en confirmada o probable. Se considera OMA confirmada si hay coincidencia de 3 criterios: comienzo agudo, signos de ocupación del oído medio (u otorrea) y signos o síntomas inflamatorios, como otalgia o intensa hiperemia timpánica y OMA probable cuando existan solo 2 criterios. Se propone como tratamiento antibiótico de elección la amoxicilina oral a 80mg/kg/día repartido cada 8 h. El tratamiento con amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico a dosis de 80mg/kg/día se indica si el niño es menor de 6 meses, en lactantes con clínica grave (fiebre>39°C o dolor muy intenso), cuando haya historia familiar de secuelas óticas por OMA o un fracaso terapéutico de la amoxicilina(AU)

This is the consensus document on acute otitis media (AOM) of the Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediatrica (SEIP), Sociedad Española de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria (SEPEAP), Sociedad Española de Urgencias Pediátricas (SEUP) and Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPAP). It discusses the aetiology of the disease and its potential changes after the introduction of the pneumococcal 7-valent, 10-valent and 13-valent vaccines. A proposal is made based on diagnostic classification of otitis media as either confirmed or likely. AOM is considered confirmed if 3 criteria are fulfilled: acute onset, signs of occupation of the middle ear (or otorrhea) and inflammatory signs or symptoms, such as otalgia or severe tympanic hyperaemia. Oral amoxicillin is the antibiotic treatment of choice (80mg/kg/day divided every 8hours). Amoxicillin-clavulanate (80mg/kg/day) is indicated in the following cases: when the child is under 6 months, in infants with severe clinical manifestations (fever>39°C or severe pain), there is family history of AOM sequels, and after amoxiciline treatment failure(AU)

Documento de consenso sobre etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la otitis media aguda / Consensus document on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media

Se presenta el documento de consenso sobre otitis media aguda (OMA) de la Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP), la Sociedad Española de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria (SEPEAP), la Sociedad Española de Urgencias Pediátricas (SEUP) y la Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPap). Se analizan la etiología de la enfermedad y los posibles cambios de esta después de la introducción de la vacunas antineumocócicas 7-valente, 10-valente y 13-valente. Se hace una propuesta diagnóstica basada en la clasificación de la OMA en confirmada o probable. Se considera OMA confirmada si hay coincidencia de tres criterios: comienzo agudo, signos de ocupación del oído medio (u otorrea) y signos o síntomas inflamatorios, como otalgia o intensa hiperemia timpánica, y OMA probable cuando existan solo dos criterios. Se propone como tratamiento antibiótico de elección la amoxicilina oral en dosis de 80 mg/kg/día repartidas cada ocho horas. El tratamiento con amoxicilina-ácido clavulánico en dosis de 80 mg/kg/día se indica si el niño es menor de seis meses, en lactantes con clínica grave (fiebre >39 ºC o dolor muy intenso), cuando haya historia familiar de secuelas óticas por OMA o un fracaso terapéutico de la amoxicilina(AU)

We present the consensus document on acute otitis media (AOM) written by the Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectology (SEIP), the Spanish Society of Outpatient and Primary Care Pediatrics (SEPEAP), the Spanish Society of Pediatric Emergency Care (SEUP) and the Spanish Association of Primary Care Pediatrics (AEPAP). The document analyses the etiology of the disease and the possible shifts in it following the introduction of the 7-valent, 10-valent, and 13-valent pneumococcal vaccines. The document proposes diagnosing AOM as confirmed or probable. The AOM diagnosis is considered confirmed if three criteria are met: acute onset, signs of fluid in the middle ear (or otorrhea), and symptoms of inflammation, such as otalgia or marked erythema in the middle ear, and considered probable when only two of these criteria are met. The proposed first choice for antibiotic treatment is 80 mg/kg/day of amoxicillin administered orally in doses at eight hour intervals. Treatment with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in doses of 80 mg/kg/day are indicated in children younger than six months, in infants with a severe presentation (fever >39 °C or acute pain), when there is a family history of AOM sequelae, or in cases of amoxicillin treatment failure(AU)

[Consensus document on the aetiology, diagnosis and treatment of acute otitis media]. / Documento de consenso sobre etiología, diagnóstico y tratamiento de la otitis media aguda.

This is the consensus document on acute otitis media (AOM) of the Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediatrica (SEIP), Sociedad Española de Pediatría Extrahospitalaria y Atención Primaria (SEPEAP), Sociedad Española de Urgencias Pediátricas (SEUP) and Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (AEPAP). It discusses the aetiology of the disease and its potential changes after the introduction of the pneumococcal 7-valent, 10-valent and 13-valent vaccines. A proposal is made based on diagnostic classification of otitis media as either confirmed or likely. AOM is considered confirmed if 3 criteria are fulfilled: acute onset, signs of occupation of the middle ear (or otorrhea) and inflammatory signs or symptoms, such as otalgia or severe tympanic hyperaemia. Oral amoxicillin is the antibiotic treatment of choice (80mg/kg/day divided every 8hours). Amoxicillin-clavulanate (80mg/kg/day) is indicated in the following cases: when the child is under 6 months, in infants with severe clinical manifestations (fever>39°C or severe pain), there is family history of AOM sequels, and after amoxiciline treatment failure.

[Epidemiology, clinical features and medical interventions in children hospitalized for bronchiolitis]. / Características epidemiológicas, clínicas y terapéuticas de lactantes hospitalizados por bronquiolitis.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology, clinical characteristics and treatments prescribed in children with bronchiolitis admitted to our hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, descriptive and prospective study of children younger than 18 months, admitted to Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca of Murcia (Spain), with the diagnosis of bronchiolitis, during the season of maximum incidence (December 2008-April 2009). RESULTS: A total of 235 infants were admitted, of whom 78.7% of them were aged 5 months or less. We found a positive correlation between the number of cigarettes smoked by their mothers during pregnancy and the number of hospitalization and oxygen therapy days. Children whose mothers were smokers at the time of their admission needed a greater number of oxygen therapy days. Also infants who were not breastfed needed oxygen therapy during more days. Just under one quarter (23.8%) of them had underlying diseases, with prematurity being the most frequent and a risk factor for the ongoing of oxygen therapy and hospital stay. The use of diagnostic tests, bronchodilators, corticosteroids and antibiotics was high. The onset of high temperature was associated with an increased use of antibiotics in outside and inside the hospital setting. An abnormal chest X-ray or a raised C-reactive protein was associated with a higher use of antibiotics. Respiratory Syncytial virus (RSV) was the main aetiological agent, followed by Rhinovirus, Bocavirus, Adenovirus and Metapneumovirus CONCLUSIONS: The majority of hospital admissions due to bronchiolitis took place during the first months of life. Infants whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had a worse clinical outcome. Despite the availability of clinical practice guidelines in our area, the use of diagnostic tests and pharmacological treatment was high.

Etiología y diagnóstico de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad y sus formas complicadas / Aetiology and diagnosis of community acquired pneumonia and its complicated forms

La neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC) es una enfermedad frecuente en la infancia, en cuyo diagnóstico y tratamiento participan diversas especialidades pediátricas. Esto ha motivado que la Sociedad Española de Neumología Pediátrica (SENP) y la Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (SEIP) elaboren un documento de consenso sobre el diagnóstico de la NAC, revisando mediante la medicina basada en la evidencia aquellos aspectos prácticos sobre el mismo. Se analizan la etiología y la epidemiología, con los cambios actuales, así como la validez de ciertas pruebas complementarias, como los reactantes de fase aguda, los métodos microbiológicos y los métodos de imagen, orientando al pediatra en la utilidad real de los mismos(AU)

Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is a common childhood disease, involving several paediatric subspecialties in its diagnosis and treatment. This has prompted the Spanish Society of Paediatric Pulmonology (SENP) and the Spanish Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases (SEIP) to prepare a consensus document on the diagnosis of CAP, assessing the practical aspects by means of evidence-based medicine. It discusses the aetiology and epidemiology, with the current changes and the validity of certain laboratory tests, such as acute phase reactants, microbiological and imaging techniques, guiding the paediatricians in the real value of these tests(AU)

Los trastornos de la secreción lisosomal en la sinapsis inmune y otros tejidos / Secretory lysosome disorders in the immune synapse and other tissues

Introducción: El síndrome hemofagocítico (SH) constituye una manifestación común a una serie de anomalías congénitas que afectan a la excreción lisosomal, interrumpiendo la vía citolítica gránulodependiente y desencadenando una disfunción de la sinapsis inmunológica. La presencia de manifestaciones características en otros tejidos puede orientar el diagnóstico etiológico. Pacientes y métodos: Presentamos los hallazgos clínicos y biológicos de dos hermanos diagnosticados de linfohistiocitosis hemofagocítica familiar tipo 3 (FHL-3), dos pacientes con síndrome de Griscelli tipo 2 (GS-2), y un síndrome de Chédiak-Higashi (CHS). Resultados: Los pacientes de FHL-3 aportaron un resultado positivo en el estudio mutacional de UNC13D indicado por un SH precoz en el primero de ellos. El primer diagnóstico de SG-2 se confirmó por la presencia de una mutación en el gen Rab27A en una paciente con SH en la que había un llamativo trastorno de la pigmentación. La misma mutación se detectó en una prima afecta también de trastornos de la pigmentación. El diagnóstico de SCH se realizó en un paciente que presentaba un SH con trastornos de la pigmentación y granulación atípica en células hematopoyéticas. El hallazgo de una mutación en el gen LYST confirmó el diagnóstico. Conclusiones: En los pacientes con SH primario es preciso atender a manifestaciones extra-inmunológicas características de ciertos trastornos de la secreción lisosomal. La curiosa relación entre albinismo e inmunidad ha jugado recientemente un papel decisivo en la identificación de los mecanismos moleculares involucrados en estos procesos(AU)

Introduction: Haemophagocytic syndrome (HS) is a common manifestation of several congenital disorders characterised by a disruption of lysosomal secretion, interrupting the cytolytic pathway and triggering a dysfunction in the immune synapse. In this situation, the recognition of certain extra-immunological manifestations may help in the diagnostic process. Patients and methods: We describe the clinical and biological features present in two brothers with familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis type 3 (FHL-3), two patients with Griscelli syndrome type 2 (GS-2) and one patient with Chédiak-Higashi syndrome (CHS). Results: Mutational assays at UNC13D were carried out on two brothers after diagnosing an early onset HS in the first one, yielding a positive result in both cases with a consequent diagnosis of FHL-3. The diagnosis of GS-2 was supported by positive results of mutational Rab27A studies in one patient with HS and abnormal pigmentation, and in her cousin who was affected by a similar abnormal pigmentation. The diagnosis of CHS was established in one patient with HS, abnormal pigmentation and atypical granules on cytological examination of a bone marrow smear. Diagnosis was confirmed in this patient by the finding of a homozygous LYST mutation. Conclusions: We point out the importance of recognising the presence of typical extra-immunological manifestations of certain congenital disorders of lysosome secretion in patients diagnosed with HS. The association of albinism and immunodeficiency has played a critical role in the recent identification of the molecular mechanism involved in these disorders(AU)